Important Bits In General Studies Which appeared in Various C.Exams

1)         The Darghah of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya lies in Delhi.

2)        ‘Purna Swarajya’ was announced in the Indian National Congress Session of Lahore.

3)         The chronological order of some events during the Indian National movement

a)Gandhi’s Champaran Satyagrah..

b)   Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

c)  Non-cooperation movement.

d)    Civil Disobedience Movement.

4)      The statement “Indian Nationalism was the child of the British Raj.” was made  R. Coupland

5)      The first President of the Sovereign Constituent Assembly for the Dominion of India was Sachidananda Sinha.

6)      The Pakistan resolution was adopted by the Muslim League in March 1940.

7)      The right described by B. R. Ambedkar as “The Heart and Soul of the Constitution” was Right to constitutional remedies.

8)      The Article of the Constitution of India which lays down the procedure for the amendment in the Constitution is 368.

9)      Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India Supreme Court safeguards the fundamental rights of the Indian citizens.

10)   The President of India may declare National Emergency if there is threat of

1. External aggression

2. Internal disturbances

11)   Uniform civil code is a Directive Principle of the State Policy.

12)   Istanbul city of Turkey is  called as ‘Gateway to the West’ .

13)   Falkland current flows along the Eastern coast of Argentina.

14)   The largest producer of petroleum in the world is Saudi Arabia.

15)   India played its 100th Cricket Test Match with Sri Lanka.

16)   Dada Sahab Phalke Award 2007 was given to Manna Dey.

17)   Tsunami killed hundreds of people in September 2009 in Samoa Islands.

18)  The winner of the Durand Cup 2009 is Mohun Bagan.

19)   The name of the new research station being set-up in Antarctica by India is Maitri.

20)  The working of a jet engine is based upon the conservation of Linear momentum.

21)  The law of planetary motion was enunciated by Keplar.

22)   Leprosy is caused by Bacteria.

23)  The gaseous pollutant responsible for acid rain is Sulphur dioxide.

24)  The unit of heredity in our body is called Gene.

25)   The Pakistani national who was awarded with ‘Bharat Ratna’ by the Indian Government
 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.

26)   ‘Ashtadhyayi’ was written by Panini.

27)   The number of Puranas is 18.

28)  The Mughal Emperor who granted duty-free trading facilities to the English in Bengal was Jahangir.

29)  The Thermometer suitable to measure 2000°C temperature is total radiation thermometer.

30)  The gas used for artificial ripening of green fruit is ethylene.

31)  Silent valley is situated in Kerala.

32)  The fastest computer of the world is Param-10000.

33)  The name of the ICBM developed by India with a strike range of more than 2000 km is Agni-II.

34)  Geneco technology is a technique for pre-information regarding genetic diseases.

35)  2, 4-D is an herbicide.

36)  The percentage of nuclear energy in India's total energy generation is 2%.

37)  The scientist who carried out researches both in the field of biology and physics is Jagdish Chandra Bose.

38)  Tetanus is a bacterial disease.

39)   An Offshore Patrol Vessel was inducted into Coast Guard in March 2010. It is named Vishwast.

40)  Presidents of USA and Russia recently signed a historic treaty committing their respective country to drastically reduce arms. It was signed on 08 April, 2010.

41)  Russia has agreed recently to construct 2 units of nuclear Reactor at Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu.

42)  Justice Gyan Sudha Misra is the fourth woman Judge appointed in the Supreme Court in India in April, 2010.

43)   A World Expo 2010 as a grand event to showcase the best achievements of human civilisation has been opened on May 1, 2010. This expo was opened In Shanghai.

44)  Air Force Exercise Garuda-2010 was held by India jointly with France and Singapore.

45)  Rajasthan bagged the ‘National Rural Health Mission Award’ of the Government of India in April, 2010.

46)  Kapil Dev has been included in the ‘Hall of Fame’ by I.C.C. in March, 2010.

47)  Winston Churchill said, ‘Imperialism’ is dead as ‘dodo’.

48)  The annual session of Muslim League in the year 1970 was held at Karachi.

49)  The Indian National Congress had launched the Non Co-operation Movement in the year 1920 .

50)  Ram Manohar Lohia made regular broadcast on Congress Radio operated during Quit India Movement.

51)  The following newspapers advocated revolutionary terrorism during the period of Indian freedom struggle.

1.Sandhya
2.Yugantar
3.Kaal

52)   The movement in India which became popular during the first World War was the Home Rule

       Movement.

53)   Abul Kalam Azad was the President of Indian National Congress for consecutive six years.

54)   Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali started the Khilafat Movement.

55)   Kakori Conspiracy Case took place in the year 1925.

56)   In the Interim Government (1946), Asaf Ali held the Railways Portfolio.

57)   The Province where Indian National Congress did not form ministry after the General election of 1937 was Bengal.

58)   The transfer of capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi was affected during the period of Lord Hardinge.

59)   The leader of the Swadeshi Movement in Madras was Chidambaram Pillai.

60)   Indian depressed class was directly related to the Poona Pact of 1932.

61)   Subhas Chandra Bose had founded ‘Forward Bloc’ in the year 1939 A.D.

62)   The Gujarra minor rock edict, in which the name of Ashoka is mentioned, is located in Datia district of Madhya Pradesh.

63)   Burzahom Site has yielded skeleton of dog along with human skeleton in burial.

64)   Ashokan Pillar inscription VII is devoted to the principle of religious tolerance completely.

65)   The earliest evidence of agriculture in Indian sub-continent comes from Mehargarh.

66)   Megasthenese Mentions about the meeting of Sandrokottas (Chandragupta Maurya) with Alexander, the Great.

67)   The Sultan of Delhi who assumed the title of Alexander the Great was Alauddin Khalji.

68)   Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti was given the title of ‘Shaikh-ul-Hind’.

69)   Iltutmish introduced silver coin called ‘tanka’.

70)   ‘Permanent Settlement’ was introduced during the tenure of Lord Cornwallis.

71)    In Jahangir reign, the ‘Treaty of Chittor’ signed between Mughal and the Rana of Mewar.

72)   Zainul Abedin, the Medieval Indian ruler prior to Akbar has been referred to as the ‘Akbar of Kashmir’.

73)   The Bengali leader who opposed socio-religious reforms and support orthodoxy was Radhakant Deb.

74)   Varindra Ghosh was associated with Anushilan Samiti.

75)   The first Sultan of Delhi to have levied ‘Haqq-i-Sharab’ or irrigation tax was Firoz Tughlaq.

76)   The Sultan of Delhi who established a separate agriculture department and had planned the ‘rotation of crops’ was Mohammad Bin Tughlaq.

77)   As per world statistics 2008, what approximate percentage of world population lives in Asia was 61%.

78)   The State having highest scheduled caste population in India is Uttar Pradesh.

79)   Ujjain is situated at the bank of Kschipra River.

80)   Bagalihar Project lies on the Chenab River.

81)   Drakensberg is a mountain of South Africa.

82)   Benguela Current is a cold current of the South Atlantic Ocean.

83)   The Kalahari region of the world is associated with ‘Bushmen’.

84)   Gomti is the only tributary of River Ganges which rises in the plains.

85)   Uttar Pradesh holds the first place in India in the production of Wheat and sugarcane.

86)    The distance of Moon from the Earth is 384 thousand Kms.

87)   Japan is one of the leading industrial countries of the world because it has high technological capacity.

88)   The planet which is called twin sister of earth is Venus.

89)   The deepest lake of the World is Baikal Lake in Russia.

90)   The deepest trenches of the ocean are found in Pacific Ocean.

91)   Education which was initially a state subject was transferred to the Concurrent list by the 42nd Amendment.

92)   The Constitution is silent in the Directive Principles of State Policy about adult education.

93)    The Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly under Dr. B. R. Ambedkar had 6 other members.

94)   The distribution of legislative power between the centre and the states in the Constitution is given in Seventh schedule.

95)   The number of High Court of Judicature in India is Twenty one.

96)   Madhya Pradesh does not have a bicameral legislature.

97)   The cardinal features of political system in India are
1. It is a democratic republic.
2. It has a Parliamentary form of government.
3. The supreme power vests in people of India.
4. It provide for a unified authority

98)   The basis of determining dearness allowances to employees of India is Consumer Price Index.

99)   Narasinham Committee related to Banking structure reforms.

100)  Note issuing department of Reserve Bank of India should always possess the minimum gold stock worth Rs. 115 crore.

APPSC Group-2 Syllabus

PAPER-I

GENERAL STUDIES

MARKS: 150

General Science

 
Current Events of National and International Importance. History of India and Indian National Movement. India and World Geography. General Mental Ability.

Questions on General Science will cover General appreciation and understanding of science including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of a well educated person who has not made a special study of any particular scientific discipline. In current events, knowledge of significant national and international events will be tested. In History of India, emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic and political aspects. Questions on Indian National Movement will relate to the nature and character of the nineteenth century resurgence, growth of Nationalism and attainment of independence. In geography emphasis will be on geography of India. Questions on geography of India will relate to physical, social and economic geography of the country, including the main features of the Indian agricultural and natural resources. On general mental ability, the candidates will be tested on reasoning and analytical abilities.

PAPER-II

MARKS: 150

SECTION-I

SOCIAL HISTORY OF ANDHRA PRADESH

i.             SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF ANDHRA PRADESH

1) The Satavahanas and their contribution – social structure – Ikshvakus and their cultural contribution; Buddhism and Jainism; The Eastern Chalukyasof Vengi – their socio-cultural contribution – growth of Telugu language &Literature.

2) Socio- Cultural and Religious conditions in Andhra Desha between first and fifteenth centuries of the ChristianEra.

3)Establishment of British Rule – 1857 Revolt and its impact on Andhra and Hyderabad Socio-cultural awakening ;Adi- Andhra /Dalit and Justice/self –respect movements; Growth of Nationalist Movement in Andhra between1885 and 1947 – Role of socialists – communists – anti-zamindari-kisan movements.

4) Asafjahi Dynasty – socio-cultural awakening in Telangana-Adi-Hindu Movement – Nizam Rashtra Janasangham – Andhra Mahasabha – Andhra Saaraswata Parishat – Hyderabad State Congress and Vandemataram Movement.

5)Growth of Leftist / Communist Movement and TelanganaPe ople’s Armed  Struggle –Ittehadul-Muslimeen– Razakars-anti- Nizam Struggles and end of  Nizam’s Rule. Integration of Hyderabad State into Indian Union – Formation of Andhra Pradesh – Important historical events after 1956.

ii.            GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

1) Salient features of the Indian Constitution – Preamble, Fundamental Duties, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and their relationship.

2) Distinctive features of Indian Federation - Distribution of Legislative Powers between the Union and the State; Relative roles of Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

3) Community development experiment – 3 tier model of Panchayat Raj – 73rd and 74th amendments and their implementation.

    4) Welfare Mechanism in India : Provisions for Scheduled Castes, Tribes and Minorities ; Reservations for SC, ST and Backward Classes ; Prevention of SCand ST Atrocities Act ; National and State SC and ST Commission ; Women’s Commission ; National and States Minorities Commission and Human Rights Commission.

5) Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures – Functions and crises of accountability, decline of legislature.

PAPER-III

MARKS: 150

SECTION-I

SOCIAL HISTORY OF ANDHRA PRADESH

i.             PLANNING IN INDIA & INDIAN ECONOMY

1.   Planning in Indian Economy – Socio-economic objectives and outlays of 5 year plans – Major controversies of planning in India – Alternative strategies– Goals and achievements – shortfall of different plans – Planning in the market – Major reforms/policy changes effect from 1991.

2.   Broad fiscal, monetary, industrial trade and agricultural policies, objectives, rationale, constraints and effects.

3.   Geographic size – Endowment of natural resources, population; size composition quality and growth trends – occupational distribution – effect of British rule with reference to drain theory and Laissez Faire Policy.

4. Money banking and public finances – concept of money and measures of money supply velocity of money banks and credit creation, determination of price level – inflation, its causes and remedies , finance budget – taxes and non-tax revenue.

5. Meaning and measurements of growth- growth distribution and welfare, characteristics of under development, stages of development, sources of growth capital – human capital, population, productivity, trade and aid, growth strategies – types of average measures – dispersion-correlation- index numbers ; types, uses and limitations.

ii.            CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN RURAL SOCIETY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANDHRA PRADESH

1.   National Income & Main sectors of Economy, GDP(Gross Domestic Product),Per capita income and HDI (Human Development Index) as measures of development. Relative contribution of agriculture to income and employment in the recent four decades of AP.

2.   Five year plans of AP – Outlays, Finance in public sector plan and resource allocation pattern in the recent five year plan.

3. Need for and aims of land reforms in AP – Structure of land holdings in AP.Forest, sown and irrigated area in AP. Cropping pattern. Sources of Agricultural finance in AP –Agricultural subsidies.

4.Growth and structure of Industries in Andhra Pradesh , factories, small and tiny sectors, their comparison, growth, weaknesses and problems-Institutional and non-institutional – growth and structure of cooperatives in Andhra Pradesh – Share of cooperatives in total credits – adequacy and problems.

5. Structure of Agricultural outputs – administered prices including support and procurement prices – Public Distribution System in AP ; Service sector of AP – importance, composition and growth with special reference to transport and communication, tourism and information and biotechnology.

APPSC Group-1 Mains syllabus

Group 1 Mains syllabus.
PAPER-I
GENERAL ESSAY MARKS: 150
Candidate should write three Essays one from each section compulsorily.
Each section contains three topics.
Each Essay carries 50 marks.
SECTION-I - Crisis management , Social problems, Analysis and solutions.
SECTION-II - Current events of national and international importance.
SECTION -III - Current events relating to State of Andhra Pradesh.

                                                            PAPER-II MARKS: 150
                                                                     SECTION-I
HISTORY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA WITH EMPHASIS ON 20TH CENTURY HISTORY OF INDIA

1.Indus Civilization – Vedic Civilization – Distinction between Indus Civilisation and Vedic Civilisation –
Evolution of Varna, Jathi/caste system – Religious condition – Emergence of Religious Movements (Jainism,
Buddhism and other sects) – Rise of Magadha Imperialism – Rise of Mahayana and Development of Art (Gandhara, Mathura and other Schools).

2. Advent of Islam and its impact – Influence of Islam on Indian Culture – Religious Movements – Nature and significance of Bhakti Movements – Growth of vernacular languages, literature, fine arts, architecture, monuments, Indo-Persian art and architecture - Vijayanagara empire and their contribution to art, literature and culture – socio-economic conditions, administration, fall of Vijayanagar empire – the Great Moghals and their contribution to Indian Fine Art, Architecture and Fine Arts – Rise of Shivaji.

3.Stages of colonialism – changes in administrative structure and politics – factors leading for the British
supremacy, assistance of Indian Powers and the causes of failures – Civil rebellions – Revolt of 1857 and its
impact – Rise of nationalist consciousness and factors for the growth of Indian Nationalism and Freedom Struggle :

Three Phases :1885-1905, 1905-1920, 1920-47 and significance of Gandhian Era.

4.Rise and growth of Socio-Religious-cultural – anti-caste, Dalit and non-Brahmin, Justice/self-respect movements in modern India – Social reform organisations and role of intellectuals – Raja Ram Mohan Roy - Dayanand Saraswathi - Jyotiba Phule - Narayana Guru - Mahathma Gandhi - Ambedkar and others.

5.Nationalist Literature – growth of peasant and labour movements – role of leftist parties in anti-feudal and anti-colonial struggles-rise and growth of Women’s movements – origin and growth of communalism – workers and peasant movements –freedom and partition of India; important historical events after independence.

                                                                        SECTION-II
                        SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF ANDHRA PRADESH


2.Socio- Cultural and Religious conditions in Andhra Desha between 1000 AD – 1565 AD Growth of Telugu Language and Literature – Nannaya- Molla etc., fine arts and architecture – Monuments – Significance – Contribution of Qutubshahis to Telugu language and Literature – Art- Architecture- Monuments.

3.Modern Andhra - Socio-cultural awakening in Andhra – Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Theosohica society – Adi-Andhra, Movements and role of Veereshalingam and others – Non-Brahmin, Adi- Andhra /Dalit and Justice/self – respect movements – Gurram Joshuva – Boyi Bheemanna – Sri Sri and others – Growth of Nationalist Movement in Andhra and the Andhra Leaders during the Freedom Struggle – Role of socialists – communists – anti-zamindari-kisan movements.

4.Asafjahi Dynasty – socio-cultural awakening in Telangana -Adi-Hindu Movement – Nizam Rashtra Janasangham – Andhra Mahasabha – Andhra Saaraswata Parishat – The role of Hyderabad State Congress and Vandemataram Movement.

5.Telangana People’s Armed Struggle – Ittehadul-Muslimeen – Razakars-anti-Nizam Struggles and end of Nizam’s Rule and integration of Hyderabad State in Indian Union – Formation of Andhra Pradesh.

                                                        SECTION-III
                        GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION1.Nature of the Constitution – constitutional developments –salient features – Preamble – Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles of State Policy and their relationship - Fundamental Duties, Distinctive features of Indian Federation.

2.Distribution of Legislative Powers between the Union and the State ; Administrative and Financial relations between the Union and the States – Powers and the functions of Constitutional Bodies.

3.Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures – Functions and crises of accountability, decline of legislature -
Delegated Legislation – Legislative and Judicial control over the delegated legislation – Judicial review of
administrative action.

4. Amendment of the Constitution – Basic Structure Theory – Emergency Provisions and De-centralisation – Community development experiment – 3 tier model of Panchayat Raj – 73rd and 74th amendments and their implementation.

5.Welfare Mechanism in India : Provisions for scheduled castes, Tribes and Minorities ; Reservations for SC, ST and Backward classes ; Prevention of SC and ST Atrocities Act ; National and State SC and ST Commission ; Women’s Commission ; National and State Minorities Commission and Human Rights Commission.
                                                            PAPER-III MARKS: 150
                                                                      SECTION-I
                                        PLANNING IN INDIA & INDIAN ECONOMY

1.National and per capita income and human development - Sectoral changes in the Indian Economy(GDP and work force).

2.Indian Planning – Objectives, priorities, specific aims of the recent 5 year plan-- experience and problems.
Changes in the role of public-Private Sectors and their shares in the total plan outlay before and after economic reforms.

3.Poverty and unemployment problems-- magnitude and measures initiated to ameliorate them.

4.Monetary policy – Structure of Indian Banking and non-banking financial institutions and reforms in them since the 1990s—regulation of credit by RBI.

5.Pattern of revenue, expenditure and public debt and effects on the economy.

                                                             SECTION-II
   LAND REFORMS & SOCIAL CHANGES IN A.P. AFTER INDEPENDENCE


2.Structure of the Andhra Pradesh economy - its sectoral  and regional distribution and the extent of poverty.    Agricultural inputs and technology.

3.Demographic features and social backwardness, literacy and occupation structure; changes in the sectoral
distribution of income and employment. Socio-political and economic empowerment of women.

4.State finances and budgetary policy – tax structure, sharing central taxes, expenditure pattern in revenue and capital account as well as plan and non-plan accounts. Public debt – composition - internal and external debt including World Bank loans.

5.Five year plans of AP – Outlays, financing public sector plan and resource allocation pattern in the recent 5 year plan.

                                                                   SECTION –III
ANDHRA PRADESH’S ECONOMY, PRESENT STATUS, ITS STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES


2.Structure of agricultural outputs. Administrated prices including support and procurement prices - Public
Distribution System in Andhra Pradesh.

3.Regional disparities in income, industrial output, rainfall, irrigation, health and education in AP.

4.Institutional and non-institutional sources of rural credit in AP - structure and growth - cooperatives and
their share in total credit - adequacy and problems.

5.Service Sector of AP – Importance, composition and growth with special reference to transport and communication, tourism and information technology.


                                                                 PAPER-IV MARKS: 150
                                                                             SECTION-I
ROLE AND IMPACT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA:


UNIT 2: Space program in India and its applications with special reference to industrial, agricultural and other rural developmental activities, INSAT and IRS systems.

UNIT 3: Role of Information Technology in Rural India, basics of computers, computers in communication and broadcasting, software development in economic growth. Broad IT applications.

UNIT 4: Energy Resources : Energy demands, renewable energy resources, nuclear energy, the development and its utilization in the country.

UNIT 5: Current Science & Technology Developments in India, Climate change, Disaster Management (Floods, Cyclones and Tsunami ); Crop science in India, Fertilizers, Control of pests and diseases – scenario in India ; Drinking water and supply, urbanization and industrial development.

                                                                      SECTION-II
GENERAL AWARENESS WITH THE MODERN TRENDS IN LIFE SCIENCES


UNIT 2: Plants and human affairs, characteristics of plants, usefulness for mankind, origin of agriculture,
useful and harmful plants. Introduction to animals, Domestic and wild animals, usefulness of animals for
mankind, Exploitation of animals by man for food and medical advancements.

UNIT 3: Introduction to and applications of Genetic Engineering & Stem Cell Research: Basic concepts (the basic process of genetic engineering) – Biotechnology in  agriculture (Bio-fertilizers, Bio-pesticides, Bio-fuels, Genetically modified crops, Tissue culture) animal husbandry(transgenic animals- applications) and environment(Biotechnology in Environmental clean up processes).

UNIT 4: Microbial infections ; Common present day infections and preventive measures. Introduction to
bacterial, viral, protozoa and fungal infections. Basic knowledge of infections caused by different groups of micro organisms – diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, viral infections like HIV, encephalitis,
chikungunya, bird flu – preventive measures during out breaks.

UNIT 5: Vaccines : Introduction to immunity, Fundamental concepts in vaccination and traditional methods of vaccine production ( production of DPT and Rabies vaccine), Production of Modern Vaccines (production of Hepatitis vaccine), Applications of immunological methods in diagnosis.

                                                                 SECTION-III
                                 DEVELOPMENT & ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS:


UNIT 2: Natural Resources : Forest Resources – Types of Forests, Uses of Forests. Water Resources- Types of Dams, Drought Occurrences and Floods, Land Resources: Soils and Cropping patterns, Mineral resources.

UNIT 3: Eco-Systems and Bio-diversity: Terminology of Ecology, Basic Concepts of Ecology, concept of an Ecosystem, Food Chains in Eco systems, Types of Eco systems. Biodiversity and its conservation : Types of biodiversity, Hotspots of Biodiversity, threats to diversity.

UNIT 4: Environment Pollution and Solid Waste Management:
Air Pollution, water pollution, Soil Pollution, Noise pollution. Solid Waste Management: Types of Solid waste, Factors affecting the solid waste generation, Impact of solid wastes, Recycling and reuse.

UNIT 5: Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health. Global Environmental Issues like Climate Change, Acid Rain, Global warming, Wasteland Reclamation, Watershed management, watershed approach for sustainable development.


                                            PAPER-V MARKS: 150
                 DATA INTERPRETATION AND PROBLEM SOLVING


2.Drawing conclusions from the data present in tabular, graphical and diagrammatical forms and to point out
deficiencies, limitations or inconsistencies therein.

3.Problem solving using the following:

a)Sequences and Series : Analogies of numbers and alphabets, completion of blank spaces in a:b::c:d, odd
thing out, missing number in a sequence or series.

b)Coding and decoding problems : A given word or group of letters in English are to be coded or decoded based on the given code(s).

c)Date, time and arrangement problems : Calender and clock problems, blood relationship and seating arrangements.

d)Passage Analysis : A duly structured situation will be presented to the candidates and they will be asked to
analyse and suggest their own solution to the problem arising out of situation. Alternatively, they may be
called upon to prove the understanding of the situation by answering certain searching questions based on the situation. 1.Data appreciation and interpretation using ratios, percentages and averages.UNIT 1: Environmental Segments, Promoting Environmental Protection, The Environment (Protection) Act, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, Water pollution Cess Act, Forest conservation Act, Environmentalism UNIT 1: Progress of Agricultural Science and its impacts - Introduction to Biotechnology: History of fermentation development, Industrially important fermentation products (antibiotics, organic acids, alcohols, vitamins, amino acids (only one in each category is to be studied)) Production of low volume, high value fermentation products (insulin, growth hormones, recombinant vaccines, interferons)UNIT 1: National policy of science and technology and changes in the policy from time to time, Technology
Missions.1.Growth and structure of industries in AP; Factories, small and tiny sectors, their comparison, growth,
weaknesses and problems.1.Historical background of land reforms and the change in laws from time to time – Intermediaries abolition, tenancy  reforms, ceilings on holdings and land issues in A.P. 1.The Satavahanas and their contribution – social structure – religious conditions – growth of literature and
painting – Ikshvakus and their cultural contribution – Growth of Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh – The Eastern
Chalukyas of Vengi and their importance – socio-cultural contribution – growth of Telugu language & Literature – education and learning – Religious Sects – growth of art and architecture.

Provision of equal rights in Indian Constitution

Discuss how the Constitution of India Provides equal rights.

The constitution of India provides equal rights:

The right to equality is an important fundamental right of the Indian Constitution. The Constitution provides equal rights through chapter-III of the Fundamental rights. Its main object is to protect the citizens against the discriminatory treatment by the state in the administrative, legislative spheres and to mitigate the cruder forms of the special inequality. The core of the provisions relating to equality is found in Article14, 15 & 16.

Article 14: To secure ‘equality before law’ and ‘equal protection of law’ to which only President and Governors are exceptions.

The expression ‘equality before law’ implies absence of any special privileges in favour of any person. The second expression ‘equal protection of law means that the same law shall apply to all who are similarly situated.

Article 15:  Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religions, race, sex etc.

Exceptions :

1.      Special provisions for women and children.

2.      Article 15(4) provides for special protections for groups of citizens who are economically and socially depressed.

Article 16 ensures equality of opportunities in public employment. However, special measures could be taken for the development of women, children and weaker sections of society.

Article 17 stands for abolition of unsociability in any form.

Article 18 stands for abolition of titles by the state except those related to military and educational spheres.

The Parliament of India also has enacted the untouchability (offences) Act, 1955 which has been renamed as the protection of civil Rights Act, 1955.

Breakdown of constitutional machinery

Discuss the meaning of “Breakdown of constitutional machinery”. What are its effects?

It means the breakdown of Constitutional government in a stake. This type of emergency may arise out of the presidential promulgation under Article356, due to failure of constitutional machinery in any state. If the president on the receipt of a report from a state Governor or Otherwise is satisfied that a situation has arise in a state which amounts to break down of Constitutional government in a state. He can proclaim a state of emergency. The procedure of promulgating such emergency is that it ceases to be effective after two months, unless it has been approved by both houses of parliament. It cannot be issued for more than six months at a time, but it can be extended every six months up to a maximum period of three years at a stretch, each extension being subject to the approval of the parliament.

The effects are mainly on:

Firstly, all functions of the state govt. excepting that of the State High Court are assumed by the President .Hence it is popularly known as the President’s rule.

Secondly, all powers of the State legislature are exercised by the Union Parliament.

Thirdly, the Parliament may also delegate these powers to the President.

Significance of preamble to a constitution.

What is the significance of a preamble to a constitution? Bring out the philosophy of the Indian Polity as enshrined in the preamble of the Indian Constitution.

Preamble

It is an introductory statement in speech or writing. It reflects the ideals and aspirations of Indian national movement. Justice, equality, fraternity and liberty are the core values of the preamble of the Indian constitution.

The philosophy of the Indian polity as enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution:

The preamble of the Indian constitution has much significance.

Firstly, the phrase “we the people of India” is a bold declaration of the popular sovereignty. This expression implies that the constitution of India is not an imposition upon the Indian people by any alien ruler or an enlightened despot. It is the people of India who are the makers of the constitution.

Secondly, it contains the philosophy of the objective resolution. It also specifies the source of authority, and the system of government etc.

Thirdly, preamble is non-justice able in a court of law. As a part of the constitution, it provides a key to unravel the minds of constitution makers. It declares the rights and freedom, which the people of India aim to secure and type of government and policy to be established. The preamble also christens India as a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic republic. The word republic upholds that the head of our state must be an elected president.

Lastly, the significance of the preamble is that it envisages the emotional integration in Indian polity, where it concludes with the expression “Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation.

                So, the preamble expresses the political, moral, economic and religious values which a constitution is committed to promote.